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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | | Terracotta heads and figures are buried in graves in the region of Djenné in modern Mali | |
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| c. 1240 |
| | | A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | The Yoruba people of Ife create extraordinary sculptures in brass | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| 1446 |
| | | Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | A warrior king, Ewuare, establishes the forest kingdom of Benin | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia | |
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